Hello DARPA, https://www.darpa.mil/
I am an American patriot, a Canadian citizen, an innovator,
an inventor, and a high-energy success driven entrepreneur.
The following is my "footprint" on DARPA's Polyplexys :
https://polyplexus.com/users/profile?idUser=1836
Would DARPA be interested in experimentally verifying what photon and electron are composed of ?
In 2016, the first ever hologram of a single photon was produced :
https://www.fuw.edu.pl/press-release/news4619.html
Due to my decade-long interest in the issue of
a possible internal structure of elementary particles,
based on the above experimental results, I have been able
to propose a simple, clear, and complete model describing photon's
and electron's internal structure. Due to its completeness,
simplicity and clarity, it should be easy to subject my conjecture
to experimental testing. I have not written a paper yet, because I have
been busy with more important experimental research (my Question Two below)
and instead of giving you a brief overview here, I will present
you with the following questions for your consideration.
Looking forward to your answers, if you feel like.
Let me start with particle-wave duality.
Waves have energy, and particles have mass.
Waves have no mass, however, we have
a mass-energy equivalence principle.
Light, in a form of electromagnetic waves,
is composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields.
Electric field, in principle, stems from electric charge,
like an electron, and electron's magnetic field stems
from electron's spin.
Considering particle-wave duality, would it not be logical
to imagine that electromagnetic wave corresponds
to electron, rather than to photon?
Beyond any reasonable doubt, photons have no mass.
Because electromagnetic wave is energy, therefore
this energy, in a dual aspect of a particle, should in principle
result in particle's mass. But photon, somehow, is an exception,
being a massless particle. How ?
Also, photon as a dual aspect of an electromagnetic wave,
does not have an electric charge nor a corresponding magnetic field,
which has been experimentally verified. My question is as follows :
How exactly do we get a massless and electrically neutral particle from the energy of an electromagnetic wave?
As I mentioned, it would seem more logical to expect an electron
being a particle of an electromagnetic field, instead of a photon,
because energy of an electro - magnetic wave would be equivalent
of electron's mass, electric charge, and its magnetic field,
as per the energy conservation principle. Just wondering.
As we know, neutron being an electrically neutral particle,
is internally composed of a negative and a positive electric charges.
Should photon be similar to neutron in this regard,
it would have to have a mass, like neutron.
From the fractional quantum Hall effect, we know that
physical existence of smaller than electron (fraction)
electric charge can be observed.
Therefore, we could conjecture that like neutron being composed
of electron and proton, photon could be composed of fractional negative
and positive charges. Such conjecture, however, would imply the existence
of photon's mass, which is unacceptable from an experimental standpoint.
To make the long story short, I have clearly identified two
identical "fractional" electromagnetic sub-quantum elements
composing photon and electron.
According to my hypothesis, photon and electron are composed
of the same two elements. The last question we have to answer is :
If so, how come electron has mass and charge, and photon does not?
This fundamental difference is due to how these two elements
are mutually oriented.
And how these two identical elements are mutually oriented
in a photon, we can now clearly see :
As we know, photon is a dual aspect of its electromagnetic wave.
In the most fundamental, mathematical sense, we are used to imagine
waves in a sinusoidal form. However, thanks to quantum dots,
the physical reality gives us the following hint :
https://phys.org/news/2017-10-quantum-dots-visualize-tiny-vibrational.html
The above hint is related to the double-slit experiment, which tells us
that single photon particle behaves in a wave-like manner.
However, no experiment has demonstrated that single wave
could behave in a particle-like manner, producing no interference pattern.
Even though we have the particle-wave duality, single photon
can behave like a wave, but a wave cannot behave like
a single particle, producing no interference pattern.
In the double-slit experiment :
There are no such elementary particles that could produce no interference pattern, exactly like waves do.
And there are no such waves that could produce no interference pattern, either.
Both, matter and energy, with no exceptions, always produce
only interference pattern, exactly like waves do.
In 2013, the double-slit experiment was successfully performed
with molecules that each comprised 810 atoms, whose total mass
was over 10,000 atomic mass units.
This prompts a question. What is physically more fundamental?
Particle or wave? Wave is more physically fundamental than particle,
because we can make a particle out of a wave, but not the other way around.
If this sounds counter-intuitive to you, as it should,
then we need to answer the question :
What an elementary particle really is ?
Is it an elementary piece of solid matter?
When I think of elementary "particles", I tend to imagine them
being akin to grains of sand that have mass. Before elementary
particles were discovered, we had been thinking of atoms as solid
building blocks of matter that have mass. There are no massless atoms.
Matter always has mass, and energy is always in a form of massless waves,
except for photons that are massless quanta of energy.
So, what an elementary particle really is ?
Nature can weave the energy waves into a torus knot,
or a bundle of waves (perhaps a complex spherical standing wave).
And when such bundle is un-bundled, un-weaved,
it becomes a simple sinusoidal wave again.
Fundamentally, in physical reality, there are only waves of energy,
and when they are weaved into a bundle,
that is what makes an elementary "particle".
There are no such elementary particles that could essentially
be something else than weaved bundles of waves.
The following "particles" of sound are made
of acoustic, sound waves, each having a proper stationary center :
Quantum mechanics predicted the physical existence
of the matter-waves, the waves of matter.
The truth is: matter is waves.
I do not want to confuse actual waves of energy
with probability waves (wave functions). All I want from the following
examples is to help illustrate fundamental similarities in their nature.
Although, as you know better than me, it is possible to experimentally
observe quantum interference in which two wave functions of photons
interact physically, which makes my above point so much stronger.
Hydrogen atom's wave functions :
Electron energy wave, and how it can also "look" like a particle :
The first ever photograph of light as both, a particle and a wave, at the same time :
https://phys.org/news/2015-03-particle.html
ABOVE : To me, it still looks more like a wave than a particle.
BELOW : Image of a Chladni plate's mode of vibration visualized by grains of sand collected at the nodes. Left-top: Cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy image of an indium arsenide quantum dot. Left-bottom: Variation of quantum dot emission line frequencies as a function of time due to vibrations of the photonic crystal membrane. Right: Scanning electron micrograph of a photonic crystal membrane, displaced according to one of the vibrational modes, with red and blue representing positive and negative displacement, respectively, https://phys.org/news/2017-10-quantum-dots-visualize-tiny-vibrational.html :
BELOW : One might think that a similar mechanism would be observed when the number of photons creating the two waves were reduced to a minimum, that is to a single reference photon and a single photon reflected by the object. And yet you’d be wrong! The phase of individual photons continues to fluctuate, which makes classical interference with other photons impossible. Since the Warsaw physicists were facing a seemingly impossible task, they attempted to tackle the issue differently: rather than using classical interference of electromagnetic waves, they tried to register quantum interference in which the wave functions of photons interact. Wave function is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics and the core of its most important equation: the Schrödinger equation. In the hands of a skilled physicist, the function could be compared to putty in the hands of a sculptor: when expertly shaped, it can be used to ‘mould’ a model of a quantum particle system. Physicists are always trying to learn about the wave function of a particle in a given system, since the square of its modulus represents the distribution of the probability of finding the particle in a particular state, which is highly useful :
I hope that I was able to sufficiently confuse you by now,
enough so that you have to agree with me, and authorize a research grant for me?
Just joking! :-)) To make the long story short, I have clearly
identified two identical "fractional" electromagnetic sub-quantum elements
composing photon and electron. According to my hypothesis, photon and electron
are composed of the same two elements. If so, how come electron has mass
and charge, and photon does not? This fundamental difference is due to how
these two identical "fractional" electromagnetic sub-quantum elements
are mutually oriented. And how these two identical elements are mutually oriented
in a photon, we already saw above. The same principle applies to photons,
electrons, atoms, and Chladni acoustic plate patterns.
The last question: What exactly is this "fractional" electromagnetic sub-quantum element?
Please, let me know if you want me to tell you. This element is the most obvious,
and the most natural one that anyone could imagine! In fact, it is so obvious
and natural, that instead of it, we would rather postulate anything else,
like super-strings in 28 dimensions, or similar meta-physical entities.
After a decade of thinking about internal structure of elementary particles,
I was shocked in my disbelieve, when it finally became obvious to me
merely from looking at this hologram of a single photon. Speaking of
something hiding in plain sight. Other than the question of what it is,
there is also the equally important issue of how it looks. It looks simple,
but as we know the looks can be deceiving. In the field of advanced topology,
I was able to locate an old and obscure structure with a unique property
that precisely reflects the actual physical nature and one critical physical
property of this sub-quantum element.
CONCLUSION : My hypothesis isso simple, clear, natural and complete that it could be easily subjected
to inexpensive experimental testing by DARPA.
And that brings us to :
